IBS & Gut Health

The abdomen refers to the region of the body between the chest and pelvis, which encompasses the stomach, intestines, and other organs. In the context of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), the abdomen may experience pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.

A burning sensation usually felt in the chest, caused by stomach acid flowing back up into the oesophagus.

Anorexia, in the context of IBS, refers to a loss of appetite or decreased food intake due to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and discomfort. It can contribute to nutritional deficiencies and further exacerbate the impact of IBS on overall health.

Antispasmodic drugs are medications that help to relax smooth muscles, including those in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing spasms and cramping. They are commonly used in the treatment of conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) to alleviate abdominal pain and discomfort.

In the context of gut health, bacteria refer to the diverse communities of microorganisms, including both beneficial and harmful species, that reside in the gastrointestinal tract and play a crucial role in digestion, nutrient absorption, immune function, and overall gut health.

Belching, also known as eructation, is the act of expelling air or gas from the stomach through the mouth. It is a normal bodily process that helps to release excess gas that has accumulated in the digestive system. In the context of digestive disorders like IBS, belching can be a symptom of excessive gas production or swallowing air, leading to bloating and discomfort.

Bifidobacteria are a type of beneficial bacteria that naturally inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract. They are considered probiotics and play a significant role in maintaining a healthy gut. Bifidobacteria help with digestion, produce vitamins, strengthen the immune system, and promote overall gut health.

Bile is a greenish-yellow fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats. Bile contains bile acids, cholesterol, bilirubin, and other substances. During digestion, bile is released into the small intestine, where it helps in emulsifying fats, breaking them down into smaller particles, and aiding in their absorption. Bile also helps eliminate waste products, such as bilirubin, from the body. Overall, bile is essential for the proper digestion and absorption of dietary fats in the body.

Bloating refers to a feeling of fullness or tightness in the abdomen caused by an excess accumulation of gas or fluid in the digestive system. In the context of IBS, bloating is a common symptom and can be accompanied by discomfort, distention, and a visibly swollen or enlarged abdomen. It is often triggered by certain foods, stress, or other factors that affect digestion.

The bowel refers to the long, tube-like part of the digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the anus. It consists of two main sections: the small bowel (small intestine) and the large bowel (large intestine). The bowel is responsible for absorbing nutrients from food, processing waste, and eliminating stool from the body. In the context of IBS, the bowel can be affected, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation.

The brain-gut axis refers to the bidirectional communication pathway between the brain and the gastrointestinal system. It involves complex interactions between the central nervous system (CNS) and the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is the network of nerves that controls the functioning of the digestive tract. The brain-gut axis plays a crucial role in regulating various gastrointestinal functions, including motility, secretion, and sensation. Disruptions in this communication pathway can contribute to the development and exacerbation of gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) that is produced by certain types of bacteria in the gut through the fermentation of dietary fibers. It is an important energy source for the cells lining the colon and plays a crucial role in maintaining gut health.

Butyrate has several beneficial effects on the digestive system. It helps regulate the integrity of the intestinal barrier, reducing inflammation and promoting the growth of healthy intestinal cells. It also has anti-inflammatory properties and supports a balanced immune response in the gut.

Clostridium difficile, often referred to as C. difficile or C. diff, is a type of bacteria that can cause infection in the colon and lead to a condition called Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). It is a significant healthcare-associated pathogen and a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

C. difficile typically affects individuals who have been on prolonged antibiotic treatment or have a weakened immune system. Antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the gut, allowing C. difficile to overgrow and produce toxins that damage the lining of the colon.

The colon, also known as the large intestine, is a part of the digestive system. It is a long, muscular tube that is responsible for absorbing water, electrolytes, and vitamins from undigested food particles. The colon plays a vital role in the formation and elimination of stool. In the context of IBS, the colon can be affected, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation.

Comorbidity refers to the presence of two or more chronic conditions or diseases occurring simultaneously in an individual. In the context of IBS, comorbidity can refer to the simultaneous presence of other medical conditions alongside IBS. For example, individuals with IBS may also have comorbid conditions such as anxiety, depression, fibromyalgia, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Comorbidity can complicate the management and treatment of IBS, as it may require addressing multiple conditions simultaneously.

Constipation is a digestive condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements or difficulty passing stools. It typically involves hard, dry stools and a sense of incomplete evacuation. Constipation can be caused by various factors, including inadequate fiber intake, dehydration, lack of physical activity, certain medications, or underlying medical conditions. In the context of IBS, constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C) is a subtype of IBS where constipation is the primary symptom. It can cause abdominal discomfort, bloating, and a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen.

The colon is the large intestine, which absorbs water from indigested food waste to form stool.

Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress. It plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including metabolism, immune response, blood pressure, and inflammation. Cortisol is commonly known as the “stress hormone” because its levels increase during stressful situations. In the context of IBS, chronic stress and elevated cortisol levels can potentially impact the digestive system, exacerbating symptoms and contributing to the development or worsening of IBS symptoms.

Diarrhea is a condition characterized by loose, watery stools occurring more frequently than usual. It is often accompanied by an increased urgency to have a bowel movement. Diarrhea can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral or bacterial infections, food poisoning, certain medications, dietary intolerances, or digestive disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

In the context of IBS, diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) is a subtype where diarrhea is the primary symptom. It can be accompanied by abdominal pain, cramping, bloating, and a sense of urgency to use the restroom.

The digestive tract, also known as the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), is a series of organs that work together to break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste from the body. It begins at the mouth and includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, and anus.

The digestive tract is responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, the secretion of digestive enzymes and fluids, and the movement of food through the various stages of digestion. It plays a crucial role in the overall digestion and metabolism of food in the body.

Distention refers to the abnormal or excessive swelling, enlargement, or bloating of a body part, typically the abdomen in the context of digestion. In relation to digestive disorders like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), abdominal distention can occur as a result of various factors, such as gas accumulation, fluid retention, or increased stool volume. It can cause discomfort, a feeling of fullness, and a visibly swollen or enlarged abdomen. Distention is often associated with symptoms like bloating, pain, and changes in bowel habits.

Dysbiosis refers to an imbalance or disruption in the composition and function of the gut microbiota. It occurs when there is an overgrowth of harmful bacteria or a decrease in beneficial bacteria. Dysbiosis can lead to various digestive issues, inflammation, compromised immune function, and may contribute to the development of certain diseases.

Restoring a healthy balance of gut bacteria through dietary changes, probiotics, and other interventions is often recommended to address dysbiosis.

Dyspepsia, also known as indigestion, is a common digestive disorder characterized by recurring or chronic pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. It can be accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, belching, nausea, and a feeling of fullness after eating.

Dyspepsia can have various causes, including overeating, fatty or spicy foods, stress, smoking, certain medications, or underlying conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or peptic ulcers. It is important to identify and address the underlying cause of dyspepsia to manage the symptoms effectively.

Dysphagia refers to the difficulty or discomfort in swallowing food or liquids. It can be caused by various factors, including structural abnormalities in the throat or esophagus, muscle weakness or coordination issues, neurological conditions, or certain medical treatments.

Dysphagia can result in a sensation of food getting stuck in the throat, choking, coughing, regurgitation, or pain while swallowing. It is important to identify and address the underlying cause of dysphagia as it can lead to complications such as malnutrition, dehydration, or aspiration pneumonia if left untreated.

In the context of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), early satiety refers to a symptom where individuals with IBS feel full or satisfied with smaller food portions, potentially due to altered gut-brain signaling and abnormal gastrointestinal motility. It can contribute to a decrease in overall food intake and may be accompanied by bloating or discomfort after eating.

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions, accelerating the rate at which these reactions occur. They play a vital role in various biological processes, including digestion, metabolism, and cellular functions.

Enzymes facilitate chemical reactions by binding to specific molecules, known as substrates, and converting them into different products. Each enzyme is highly specific to its substrate, and their activity can be influenced by factors such as temperature, pH, and cofactors. Without enzymes, many essential biochemical reactions would proceed too slowly to sustain life.

Escherichia coli, commonly known as E. coli, is a type of bacteria that naturally resides in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains of E. coli are harmless, some can cause illness. Pathogenic strains of E. coli are typically transmitted through contaminated food, water, or contact with fecal matter. They can lead to gastrointestinal infections, causing symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever.

Certain strains of E. coli, such as E. coli O157:H7, are associated with severe complications like hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Proper food handling, hygiene practices, and safe water sources are important in preventing E. coli infections.

Fermentation is a metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, where microorganisms, such as yeast or bacteria, convert sugars or carbohydrates into simpler compounds, typically producing alcohol, gases, or organic acids as byproducts.

It is commonly used in food and beverage production, such as the fermentation of grapes to make wine or the fermentation of dough to make bread. Fermentation also plays a role in the production of certain dairy products, pickles, sauerkraut, and other fermented foods.

Fiber, also known as dietary fiber or roughage, is a type of carbohydrate found in plant-based foods that the human body cannot digest or absorb. It passes through the digestive system relatively intact, providing several important health benefits. There are two main types of fiber: soluble and insoluble.

Soluble fiber dissolves in water and forms a gel-like substance in the digestive tract. It helps to lower cholesterol levels, regulate blood sugar levels, and promote a healthy gut by nourishing beneficial gut bacteria. Good sources of soluble fiber include oats, legumes, fruits, and vegetables.

Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and adds bulk to the stool, aiding in regular bowel movements and preventing constipation. It also helps maintain digestive health and may reduce the risk of colon cancer. Whole grains, nuts, seeds, and many vegetables are rich in insoluble fiber.

A diet high in fiber offers numerous benefits, including improved digestive health, reduced risk of heart disease, better weight management, and lower risk of type 2 diabetes. It is recommended to consume a variety of fiber-rich foods and gradually increase fiber intake to avoid digestive discomfort.

Fecal calprotectin is a protein biomarker found in stool samples that is used as a non-invasive test to assess intestinal inflammation. Elevated levels of fecal calprotectin can indicate the presence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or other gastrointestinal conditions and help guide treatment decisions.

FODMAP is an acronym that stands for Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols. It refers to a group of short-chain carbohydrates and sugar alcohols that can be poorly absorbed in the small intestine. FODMAPs can cause digestive symptoms in some individuals, particularly those with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

FODMAPs include various types of sugars and carbohydrates, such as lactose, fructose, fructans, galactans, and polyols. They are found in a wide range of foods, including certain fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy products, and sweeteners.

In individuals with sensitivities or intolerances, consuming high levels of FODMAPs can lead to symptoms like bloating, gas, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or constipation. The low FODMAP diet is an approach used to manage these symptoms. It involves restricting or eliminating high-FODMAP foods from the diet for a certain period and then gradually reintroducing them to identify specific triggers.

A functional bowel disorder refers to a group of gastrointestinal conditions characterized by chronic or recurrent symptoms related to the functioning of the bowel, without any identifiable structural or biochemical abnormalities.

These disorders are often diagnosed based on symptom patterns and exclusion of other conditions. Examples of functional bowel disorders include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia, and functional constipation. These conditions can cause a range of symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, changes in bowel habits, and discomfort, and they are typically managed through lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, and symptom-specific treatments.

The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), also known as the digestive tract, is a long tube that extends from the mouth to the anus and is responsible for the digestion, absorption, and elimination of food. It includes several organs, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, and anus.

The GI tract plays a crucial role in the breakdown of food into nutrients, the absorption of those nutrients into the bloodstream, and the elimination of waste material from the body. It is also involved in the production and secretion of digestive enzymes and fluids necessary for digestion.

Globus, in the context of IBS, refers to the sensation of a lump or tightness in the throat that persists despite no physical obstruction. It can be a distressing symptom often associated with anxiety or stress, and is not directly related to the bowel symptoms commonly seen in IBS such as abdominal pain or changes in bowel habits.

Gut flora, also known as gut microbiota or gut microbiome, refers to the diverse community of microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract, primarily the large intestine. It is a complex ecosystem consisting of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes.

The gut flora is highly diverse and unique to each individual, influenced by various factors such as genetics, diet, environment, and early-life experiences. It plays a crucial role in maintaining gut health and performing important functions in the body.

The gut flora contributes to digestion and nutrient absorption, synthesizes vitamins and beneficial compounds, helps train the immune system, and prevents colonization by harmful bacteria. It also plays a role in metabolism, energy balance, and even influences mental health through the gut-brain axis.

Imbalances in the gut flora, known as dysbiosis, can occur due to factors such as poor diet, stress, antibiotic use, and certain medical conditions. Dysbiosis has been linked to digestive disorders, autoimmune diseases, obesity, allergies, and mental health disorders.

Gut microbiota, also known as gut microbiome, refers to the community of microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract. It consists of a vast array of bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea, and other microbes. The gut microbiota is highly diverse and unique to each individual, influenced by factors such as genetics, diet, lifestyle, and environment.

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and performing important functions in the body. It helps with digestion and the breakdown of complex carbohydrates and fibers that the human body cannot digest on its own. In this process, it produces beneficial compounds, such as short-chain fatty acids and vitamins. Additionally, the gut microbiota interacts with the immune system, helping to regulate its responses and promoting a balanced immune function. It also plays a role in the development and maturation of the immune system, particularly in early life.

The gut microbiota contributes to the production of neurotransmitters and other molecules that affect brain function, highlighting its influence on the gut-brain axis and its potential impact on mental health and cognitive function. Disruptions in the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, have been associated with various health conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and even mental health disorders.

Faecal incontinence refers to the inability to control bowel movements, resulting in the involuntary leakage of stool. It can range from occasional small leakages to complete loss of bowel control. Faecal incontinence can be caused by various factors, including muscle or nerve damage, certain medical conditions (such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, or neurological disorders), trauma to the pelvic area, or weakened anal sphincter muscles. It can significantly impact a person’s quality of life and may require medical evaluation and management to address the underlying causes and provide appropriate treatment options.

Halitosis, commonly known as bad breath, refers to an unpleasant odor in the breath. It can be caused by various factors, including poor oral hygiene, gum disease, dental infections, dry mouth, certain foods, smoking, or underlying medical conditions.

In the context of gastrointestinal issues like acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), stomach contents and acids can sometimes regurgitate into the mouth, leading to a sour or foul-smelling breath. However, it’s important to note that halitosis is not a direct symptom of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) itself.

Heartburn is a burning sensation or discomfort felt in the chest, often behind the breastbone. It is commonly caused by acid reflux, which occurs when stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus. The lower esophageal sphincter, a ring of muscle at the bottom of the esophagus, is responsible for preventing acid from entering the esophagus.

In the context of digestive disorders like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), heartburn can be a symptom, especially if there is underlying gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or if there is dysfunction in the esophageal motility. It can be triggered by certain foods, stress, or other factors that affect the functioning of the digestive system.

Hypersensitivity refers to an exaggerated or excessive response of the immune system to a particular substance, situation, or stimulus. It is characterized by an increased sensitivity and reactivity, leading to symptoms ranging from mild to severe. In the context of digestive disorders like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), hypersensitivity can manifest as an exaggerated response of the gut to normal stimuli, such as gas, distension, or changes in bowel movement.

This can result in heightened pain perception, discomfort, and abnormal bowel function. Hypersensitivity plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of certain subtypes of IBS, such as visceral hypersensitivity in IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D) or IBS with constipation (IBS-C).

Nausea is a sensation of discomfort or unease in the stomach that often precedes vomiting. It can be described as a feeling of queasiness, stomach upset, or the urge to vomit. Nausea can be caused by various factors, including gastrointestinal issues (such as gastroenteritis, gastritis, or acid reflux), viral or bacterial infections, motion sickness, medication side effects, pregnancy, or underlying medical conditions.

Faecal incontinence refers to the inability to control bowel movements, resulting in the involuntary leakage of stool. It can range from occasional small leakages to complete loss of bowel control. Faecal incontinence can be caused by various factors, including muscle or nerve damage, certain medical conditions (such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, or neurological disorders), trauma to the pelvic area, or weakened anal sphincter muscles.

It can significantly impact a person’s quality of life and may require medical evaluation and management to address the underlying causes and provide appropriate treatment options.

The microbiome refers to the collective community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbes, that inhabit various parts of the body, particularly the gut. It plays a crucial role in digestion, nutrient absorption, immune function, and overall health.

In the context of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), motility refers to the abnormal movement patterns of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, constipation, or a combination of both.

Nausea is a sensation of discomfort or unease in the stomach that often precedes vomiting. It can be described as a feeling of queasiness, stomach upset, or the urge to vomit. Nausea can be caused by various factors, including gastrointestinal issues (such as gastroenteritis, gastritis, or acid reflux), viral or bacterial infections, motion sickness, medication side effects, pregnancy, or underlying medical conditions.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts, can provide health benefits by promoting a healthy balance of gut bacteria, supporting digestion, immune function, and potentially alleviating certain gastrointestinal conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Odynophagia is a medical term used to describe the sensation of pain or discomfort while swallowing. It is often associated with conditions such as infections, inflammation, or structural abnormalities in the throat or esophagus.

Reflux, in the context of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), refers to the backward flow of stomach acid and other stomach contents into the esophagus. This can lead to symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, and discomfort. Chronic or untreated reflux can cause damage to the esophagus over time.

Regurgitation is the process of bringing swallowed food or liquid back up from the stomach into the mouth, without the forceful contractions associated with vomiting. It is a common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and can occur due to a weakened or malfunctioning lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which normally prevents the backflow of stomach contents.

Serotonin plays a significant role in the context of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It is a neurotransmitter that regulates various functions in the body, including gastrointestinal motility, sensation, and pain perception. In individuals with IBS, there is often an imbalance in serotonin levels, leading to altered gut function and increased sensitivity to pain. Medications that target serotonin receptors, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are sometimes used to manage symptoms of IBS.

Visceral hypersensitivity refers to an increased sensitivity or heightened perception of pain in the internal organs, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. In the context of conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), individuals with visceral hypersensitivity may experience abdominal pain or discomfort at lower levels of stimulation that would not typically cause pain in individuals without hypersensitivity. It is believed to be a contributing factor to the abdominal pain experienced by many IBS patients.